Kusawirirana pakati pemasangano ekuEurope nemapuratifomu makuru edhijitari kwatora danho rakakura mberi, pari zvino pari kutariswa... dhizaini yeTikTok inopindwa muropaMushure memakore angangoita maviri ekuongorora, European Commission inotanga yaona kuti social network inotyora Digital Services Act (DSA) nekuda kwemaitiro ayo ekuronga mashandisirwo ayo uye kubata vashandisi, kunyanya vechidiki.
Brussels inoti chokwadi ndechekuti magadzirirwo ekugadzira Zvinhu zvakaita sekuscrolla kusingaperi, mavhidhiyo ega ega, zviziviso zvekusundidzira, uye sisitimu yekurudziro "yakagadzirwa nevanhu zvakanyanya" zvinogadzira maitiro ekushandisa zvinhu zvinongoda kumanikidzwa. Sisitimu yekurudziro "yakagadzirirwa munhu wese"Uyezve, inopesana nemhinduro dzinobvumira vashandisi gadzirisa algorithm yeReels kuderedza kugadzirisa otomatiki.
Zvinorevei EU ne "dhizaini inodhaka" muTikTok?
Chinangwa hachisi pavhidhiyo chaiyo kana mhando yezviri mukati, asi pane dhizaini yebasa repasi roseKomisheni inotsanangura hurongwa umo chinhu chimwe nechimwe—kubva panzira yaunoshandisa pachidzitiro kusvika pakusarudza kwaunoita kuti ndeapi maclip anoonekwa—chinogadziriswa kuti mushandisi arambe ari muchirongwa kwenguva yakareba sezvinobvira.
Sekureva kwemashoko kubva kuEuropean Commission, risingaperi scroll Ndiyo imwe yenzira huru dzekuita izvozvo: vhidhiyo haimboperi, uye nekutsveyamisa kwemunwe, chinhu chitsva chinogara chichionekwa, pasina chikonzero chekutsvaga kana kuita sarudzo nemaune. Izvi zvinosanganiswa ne reproducción automática, iyo inotanga vhidhiyo yega yega pasina mushandisi anodzvanya, zvichideredza "kumira kwechisikigo" kwaizokubvumira kuti urege kurodha.
Chimwe chinhu chakakosha ndicho shandisa zvidzidzoZviziviso izvi zvinosvika nguva nenguva kuti zviyeuchidze vashandisi nezvezviripo, vateveri vatsva, kana mafambiro ekuona. Sekureva kweBrussels, kuyerera uku kwezviziviso kunokurudzira vashandisi kuti vavhurezve app iyi kakawanda mukati mezuva, kunyangwe panguva yekuzorora kana yekudzidza.
Pakupedzisira, hurongwa hwe kurudziro yakasarudzika Inoshanda seguruu rinobatanidza zvidimbu izvozvo zvese pamwe chete. Zvichibva panhoroondo yekuona uye kutaurirana, algorithm iyi inoisa pamberi mavhidhiyo anogona kubata pfungwa dzemunhu wega wega, zvichikurudzira chinonzi "burrow effect": paunonyanya kushandisa, zvirimo zvinogadziriswa zvinoenderana nezvaunoda, uye zvinoomera kubuda muchimiro ichocho.
Kukanganisa vana nevakuru vasina dziviriro
Dambudziko guru reKomisheni nderekuti izvi Kugadzira zvinodhaka kunokanganisa hutano hwemuviri uye hutano hwepfungwa yevashandisi. Mushumo uyu unonyanya kutarisa mapoka maviri: vana vadiki nevakuru vasina dziviriro, vakaita sevanhu vane matambudziko epfungwa kare kana kuti vasina zviwanikwa zvakawanda zvekutarisira nguva yekuvhura kombiyuta.
Sekureva kwekuferefeta, "mubairo" nguva dzose Nemavhidhiyo matsva, puratifomu iyi inosimbisa kudiwa kwekuramba uchitsvaira. Kunzwa uku kwekugutsikana ipapo ipapo kunogona kushandura, zvichienderana nemabhuku esainzi akataurwa neBrussels, kuita maitiro ekumanikidza anoderedza kuzvidzora, anowedzera nguva yekuona, uye anobvisa zvimwe zviitiko, kubva pakurara kusvika pakudzidza.
Mashoko eEU anoti aya haasi mafungiro ega ega. Komisheni yakaongorora zvidzidzo kubva kunyika dzinoverengeka dziri nhengo neWorld Health Organization. Semuenzaniso, mushumo weparamende yeFrance unoratidza kuti vana vanosvika 8% vane makore ari pakati pe12 ne15 vanopedza maawa anopfuura mashanu pazuva vari pamapuratifomu akadaro. Imwe ongororo yekuDenmark yakawana kuti vana vane makore masere vanoshandisa mawebhusaiti mapfupi emavhidhiyo kweavhareji yemaminitsi angangoita 130 pazuva.
Chidzidzo chechitatu, kubva kuPoland, chinosimbisa kuti TikTok ndiyo chikuva chinoshandiswa zvakanyanya mushure mehusiku nevechidiki vane makore ari pakati pe13 ne18, vachinyanya kushandiswa husiku. Brussels inoratidzawo kuti social network inozivikanwa zvikuru nevana vane makore ari pakati pe7 ne12, uye anenge mumwe pavatatu anovhura app iyi kanopfuura makumi maviri pazuva, kusanganisira panguva yechikoro.
Zvichibva pahumbowo ihwohwo hwekuongorora, Mutevedzeri weMutungamiriri Mukuru ane basa reTekinoroji, Kuchengetedzeka neDemokarasi, Henna Virkkunen, anoyambira kuti Kupindwa muropa nesocial network Zvinogona kukuvadza zvakanyanya "pfungwa dzevana nevechiri kuyaruka dziri kukura." Uye zvinosimbisa kuti DSA "inoita kuti mapuratifomu ave nemhosva yemigumisiro yaanogona kuva nayo pavashandisi vavo," ichinyanya kusimbisa kuchengetedza vana munharaunda yedhijitari yeEurope.
Ongororo yakakwana yesainzi yekuEurope
Zvakawanikwa pakutanga hazvina kubva pasiripo. Komisheni yakavhura gwaro rekuti nyaya dziri pamutemo dzinopikisa TikTok muna Kukadzi 2024, vachifungidzira kuti social network iri kutyora mitemo yakati wandei yeDigital Services Act, kusanganisira kutarisira njodzi dzehutano hwepfungwa pamwe nekuchengetedzwa kwevana vadiki.
Munguva iyi, European Commission yakaongorora mishumo yekuongorora njodzi dzemukati zvakatumirwa nekambani, pamwe chete nedata remakambani nemagwaro. Yakagadzirisawo zvikumbiro zvakawanda zveruzivo kupuratifomu kuti ijekese mashandiro anoita sisitimu yayo yekurudziro, zviratidzo zvipi zvainoongorora, uye matanho ekuderedza dambudziko rayo parizvino.
Panguva imwe cheteyo, mabasa eBrussels akaita ongororo yakakura yemabhuku esainzi Chidzidzo ichi chinotarisa pakupindwa muropa nemaitiro, kushandisa midhiya yekushamwaridzana, uye mhedzisiro yenguva yekuona zvinonyadzisira pahutano hwepfungwa, kunyanya kuvana. Kuti mufananidzo upedzise, kubvunzurudzwa kwakaitwa nenyanzvi kubva muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana, kubva papfungwa nepfungwa kusvika pakuchengetedzwa kwedata nekuchengetedzwa kwedhijitari.
Kubva pakutsanangurwa uku kwemagwaro emukati, data rakapihwa neTikTok, uye zvidzidzo zvakazvimirira, Komisheni inogumisa kuti puratifomu iyi havana kuongorora zvakakwana kukanganisa kwehunhu hwayo hwekupindwa muropa pahutano hwemuviri nepfungwa hwevashandisi. Pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, ingadai isina hanya nezviratidzo zvakaita senguva inopedzwa nevana vachishandisa app iyi husiku, nguva inovhurwa application yacho, kana nzira dzekuwana dzinogona kunyevera nezvemaitiro ane matambudziko.
Brussels inosimbisa kuti mhedziso idzi, parizvino, pfungwa dzekutanga Zvakawanikwa izvi hazvitongeri mhedzisiro yekupedzisira yenyaya. Zvisinei, zvinotsanangura zvakajeka nhandare yemitambo: kana kambani ikakundikana kunyengetedza mutongi kuti inogona kugadzirisa njodzi dzakaonekwa, nyaya yacho inogona kukonzera kusatevedzera zvirango zvakakosha.
Matanho aTikTok ari kuongororwa: kutonga uye miganhu yenguva
Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kukosha pakuongorora kweEurope ndechekuongorora maturusi ekuchengetedza TikTok inoti ine matanho aya. Iyi puratifomu inowanzo ratidza sarudzo dzayo dzekudzora vabereki, zviyeuchidzo zvekuzorora, uye maficha enguva yekuvharira skrini, kunyanya kumaakaundi ane chekuita nevana.
Zvisinei, Komisheni inotenda kuti matanho aya Hazvina musoro uye hazvishande zvakakwana kuti vadzivise hunhu hunogona kukanganisa dhizaini yese yebasa iri. Nezvekutarisira nguva yekushandisa terevhizheni, masosi emunharaunda anoratidza kuti zviyeuchidzo zviri nyore kuramba uye zvinounza kusawirirana kudiki kune ruzivo rwemushandisi, saka vashandisi vazhinji vanoramba vachipedza nguva yakareba vari online pasinei nenyevero. Semuenzaniso wekumanikidzwa kwemitemo pamaitiro anotarisana nevana, nyaya dzakadai se Zvirango zveNetherlands Fortnite.
Nekuremekedza kudzora kwevaberekiBrussels inotenda kuti maapplication aya angasashanda sedziviriro yakakwana nekuti anoda kubatanidzwa, nguva, uye hunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi izvo zvisiri vabereki vese vanogona kupa. Kubva pamaonero aya, mutoro wekudzivirira haugone kuwira pamhuri chete kana, panguva imwe chete, dhizaini yekutanga yeapp ikaramba ichikurudzira kubatana kwakanyanya.
European Commission inosimbirira kuti TikTok "Zvinoita sekuti hazvishandisi matanho ane musoro, akaenzana uye anoshanda" kuderedza njodzi dzaakaona sedzinobva mukugadzirwa kwayo kunopindwa muropa. Saka, kuchengetedzwa kuripo pari zvino kunoonekwa sekuwedzera pane kugadzirisa kwakakosha pakugadzirwa kwepuratifomu.
Munyaya iyi, Komisheni inotaura kuti DSA haingodi kujeka kana mabhatani anooneka chete, asi inomanikidza mapuratifomu makuru kuti kuderedza njodzi dzemuviri izvo zvinogadzira mamodheru azvo ekushanda, kubva pamashoko asina kururama kusvika kumatambudziko ehutano hwepfungwa ane chekuita nekushandisa zvakanyanya.
Mhinduro yaTikTok uye basa rekodzero yekudzivirira
TikTok akapindura nekukasika kupomerwa kwacho. Mutauriri wekambani akatsanangura zvakawanikwa neKomisheni se "tsananguro yenhema zvachose uye isina hwaro zvachose" yepuratifomu, uye yataura kuti kambani ichatora matanho ese ari musimba rayo kuti ivapikise.
Mukuita, izvi zvinoreva kuti TikTok yava kukwanisa kushandisa kodzero yavo yekudzivirira mukati mehurongwa hweDSA. Pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, social network ine mukana wekuongorora magwaro anoumba faira, kuwana humbowo hwakavakirwa pahwaro hweBrussels uye kupindura nekunyora kune zvakacherechedzwa neKomisheni.
Mushure mechikamu chino, nyaya iyi ichakurukurwawo mu Dare reEuropean Council for Digital ServicesDare rinounganidza pamwe chete zviremera zvenyika zvine basa rekuisa DSA. Iyi forum ichabvumira kuenzanisa chinzvimbo chemutongi weEuropean neruzivo nezvinokosheswa neNhengo dzeMatunhu, kunyanya maererano nekuchengetedzwa kwevana vadiki uye kuwiriraniswa kwemitemo yekuchengetedza.
Kunyangwe paine kurira kwakasimba kwevakuru veEU, nyaya yacho haina kuvharwa. Vanhu vari pedyo nekuferefeta vanobvuma kuti zviri "Kurumidza" kuti vaone kuti ndedzipi shanduko dzekugadzira dzingagutsa Komisheni. Kambani iyi yakagadzirira kupa dzimwe nzira dzehunyanzvi dzinoderedza njodzi dzakaonekwa pasina kuchinja zvachose maitiro ayo ebhizinesi.
Chero zvazvingava, Brussels inojekesa kuti kugadzirisa runako hakuzokwani. Chikumbiro ndechekuti puratifomu iyi iratidze, nedata uye ongororo yemhedzisiro, kuti chero shanduko dzakaitwa dzichaguma ne kuderedzwa chaiko kwekushandiswa kwechisimba uye zvinogona kukanganisa hutano hwepfungwa, kunyanya kune vanoshandisa zvinodhaka vachiri vadiki.
Kumanikidzwa kwemitemo uye gakava rezvematongerwo enyika muEurope
Nyaya yakavhurwa ichipikisa TikTok chikamu chenyaya yeEurope ye kuwedzera kumanikidzwa pamapuratifomu makuruDSA, pamwe chete neDigital Markets Directive (DMA), yakagadzirwa kuti ikurumidze kupindura mitemo kune zvinogona kutyorwa, asi ruzivo rwunoratidza kuti kuferefeta kunoramba kwakaoma uye kwenguva refu, kunyanya kana maalgorithms achichinja nekukurumidza uye kubatanidzwa kuri kufambira mberi kwehungwaru hwekugadzira zvinhu zvichitanga kushanda. Mukati menyaya iyi, nyaya dzemutemo dzakabudawo maererano netsika dzekupindwa muropa mune imwe nzvimbo, dzakadai se... Kupomerwa mhosva yekupindwa muropa neFortnite.
Zvichakadaro, nyika dzinoverengeka dziri nhengo dzatanga kuita zvadzinoda. MuSpain, Mutungamiriri weNyika, Pedro Sánchez, akazivisa chinangwa chake cheku kurambidza kupinda masocial network kune vana vari pasi pemakore gumi nemashanu, chiyero chakaoma kuita asi chinoratidza kunetseka kwevanhu pamusoro pemhedzisiro yemapuratifomu aya pavana nevechiri kuyaruka.
Dzimwe nyika dzemuEurope dziri kutsvaga mhinduro dzakafanana. United Kingdom Iri kudzidzawo kudzivirira vana vari pasi pemakore gumi nematanhatu kuti vasapinde mumasocial network, ukuwo France Deki rinoisa bhajeti pazera remakore gumi nemashanu. Kunze kweEurope, Australia yatove yakananga nenzira imwe chete iyoyokurambidza zviri pamutemo kuvapo kwevana vari pasi pemakore gumi nematanhatu mumhando idzi dzemabasa.
Kubva kuBrussels, zvirongwa izvi zvenyika zvinotariswa nerutsigiro rwakati, asiwo nekungwarira. Komisheni inotaura kuti DSA ine chinangwa cheku dziviriro yekubatanidza yezvizvarwa zveEurope uye inonyevera kuti nyika hadzifanirwe kugadzira zvimwe zvisungo zvemapuratifomu anopesana nehurongwa hwakajairika. Inosimbisa kuti chinangwa chinofanira kunge chiri pazviito zvemakambani, kwete pakuita kuti vatungamiriri vave nemhosva yezvinyorwa zvinogadzirwa nevashandisi.
Mutevedzeri weMutungamiri wenyika, Henna Virkkunen, akatoenderera mberi achiti pane mafungiro akabatwa zvakanyanya Pane kunetseka kuri kukura pakati pehurumende dzeEU—uyewo kunze kweEurope—kuti mapuratifomu makuru “haasi kuita zvakakwana kuchengetedza vana.” Nyaya yeTikTok, nenzira iyi, ingangove yekutanga mukuferefeta kwakaitwa, sezvo Komisheni iri kushandawo pakuferefeta mamwe makambani akadai seMeta, iyo ine Facebook neInstagram.
Ndezvipi shanduko dzinodiwa neBrussels pakugadzira TikTok?
Kupfuura kuongororwa uye kutyisidzirwa kwezvirango, Komisheni inotsanangura zvimwe zve dhizaini shanduko izvo zvaanotarisira kuona zvichiratidzwa mubasa racho. Kutanga, anokumbira TikTok kuti ichinje zvaanoti "dhizaini yekutanga" yepuratifomu yayo, achinyatsotarisa zvinhu zvinoonekwa sezvinonyanya kukwezva.
Pakati pesarudzo dziri kupihwa pane mukana wekuti Zvishoma nezvishoma dzima kuskorora kusingaperi Kana kuti, taurai nezvemiganhu yakajeka inomanikidza vashandisi kuti vasarudze nekuchenjera nezvekuramba vachiona vhidhiyo. "Kuvhara skrini" kunobudirira kunotaurwawo, nekukanganiswa chaiko kwekuyerera kwezviri mukati, kunyanya husiku, apo kukanganisa kurara uye mashandiro echikoro kunogona kukura.
Chimwe chiito ndechekugadzirisa kurudziro system Kuti zvisave zvinokanganisa zvakanyanya, izvi zvinogona kushandura kuita maalgorithms asina simba anowedzera nguva yekuona, shanduko mumataurirwo anoitwa zviri mukati, kana sarudzo dzakajeka dzevashandisi dzekutonga mhando dzemavhidhiyo avanoda kugamuchira uye kuti akasimba zvakadii.
Komisheni haisi kutaura zvakadzama nezvemhinduro dzakananga panguva ino, asi inojekesa kuti mutoro uri pakambani: TikTok ndiyo inofanira kupa mhinduro. kuderedza matanho izvo zvichabvumira vatongi kuti vaone kuti njodzi yekupindwa muropa yaderedzwa. Kuti izvi zviitike, vatongi vekuEurope vanotarisira kuona ongororo dzinoitwa nguva nenguva, data rekushandiswa kwehusiku, nhamba dzenguva yekuona zvinonyadzisira, uye ongororo yekuti vana vanopindura sei kana zvinhu zvachinja.
Zvimwe zvinhu zviri pa radar ndeizvi push notices uye kuti app "inosunda" sei mushandisi kuti adzoke. Kuganhurira kana kugadzirisa zviziviso izvi, kunyanya kumaprofile evechidiki, kunogona kuva imwe nzira yekuderedza kumanikidzwa kunogara kuchiitwa kuti uvhure app iyi nguva dzese.
Kana Komisheni ikaona kuti TikTok haina kutora matanho akakwana kana kuti shanduko dziri kurongwa inyaya yekushongedza, inogona kupa gwaro rekuti chisarudzo chepamutemo chekusatevedzera mutemoMuchiitiko ichocho, DSA inobvumira faindi inosvika 6% yemari inobuda pakambani pasi rose pagore, mari iyo, tichifunga nezvemari inowanikwa neboka pasi rose, yaizova mabhiriyoni akati wandei emaeuro kana mari yepamusoro inobvumirwa ikashandiswa.
Kufamba kwose uku kunoisa dhizaini yeTikTok inopindwa muropa Pakati pehurukuro inopfuura kushandiswa kamwe chete: muEurope, pfungwa iri kuwedzera kuti mapuratifomu haangoparadzi zvemukati chete, asiwo, kuburikidza nemagadzirirwo awo, anoumba maitiro evashandisi, nguva yavanopedza online, uye kuti izvi zvine chekuita neutano hwavo. Mhedzisiro yenyaya iyi ichanyanya kusarudza modhi yekutonga iyo EU inoshandisa kubva zvino zvichienda mberi kune chero sevhisi yedhijitari inovakira kubudirira kwayo pakuchengeta vashandisi vakanamira pachiratidziro.
